BMC Infectious Diseases is calling for submissions to their BMC Infectious Diseases Series: Febrile illness – diagnosing and caring for preventable and treatable infectious causes of fever, a collection of original research articles and systematic reviews characterising the clinical, diagnostic, management, epidemiological, anthropological, and public health aspects of febrile illness in LMIC settings.

The FIEBRE team have been working with BMC to help set this up. Submission deadline: 31 Dec 2022.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease. There’s limited information on the global burden of this neglected and emerging disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates one million leptospirosis cases and 60,000 deaths worldwide each year, most commonly occurring in tropical and subtropical areas with high rainfall. Leptospirosis is underdiagnosed as it can cause a wide range of symptoms, for example fever, which may be mistaken for other diseases such as dengue and malaria. There’s a lack of adequate diagnostics and no effective control measures.

To establish the incidence of leptospirosis at our sites the National Reference Centre at the Institut Pasteur is testing FIEBRE plasma and serum samples. To find out more about leptospirosis and the processes involved in testing the FIEBRE samples see this presentation (pdf) provided by the Department of Microbiology team at Institut Pasteur.

Bloodstream infection is a major public health burden worldwide, resulting in significant patient morbidity and mortality. Many different types of microorganisms can cause bloodstream infections, and the causes vary widely across the world.

Bacterial and fungal infections can cause fever. Blood cultures are performed on all study patients. Urine cultures are performed for patients under 2 years of age and for older patients with symptoms of urinary tract infection. Blood and urine cultures are performed at the study sites. Laboratory staff at the study sites identify bacteria or fungi isolated from positive cultures, perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing (for bacteria), and report the results to the patient’s clinical team to assist with clinical management. For external quality assurance, each isolate is then shipped to Southern Community Laboratories (SCL), Dunedin, New Zealand. SCL is an IANZ-accredited diagnostic laboratory that provides pathology testing services to hospital and community providers in the South Island of New Zealand.

Quality assurance testing procedure at SCL:

• Isolates are identified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS) and/or 16s rRNA gene sequencing.
• Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is performed and interpreted as per the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST).
• Further phenotypic susceptibility testing methods to detect epidemiologically important mechanisms of resistance (eg production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases or carbapenemases).

API test strip and blood culture plate in LOMWRU laboratory, Laos

Histoplasmosis is a serious fungal infection. Mild forms of histoplasmosis cause no signs or symptoms; but severe infections can be life-threatening particularly for those with weaker immune systems. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality for people living with HIV. There’s little reliable surveillance data worldwide, especially in low-resource settings, therefore it is difficult to estimate its true burden and geographic distribution.

Serum samples from FIEBRE participants are shipped to MiraVista Diagnostics. Serum samples received at MiraVista Diagnostics are inventoried and stored at -80°C. MiraVista Diagnostics performs antigen detection by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to determine the quantitative concentration of Histoplasma antigen in the serum samples. Prior to testing, samples are thawed, treated with EDTA and aliquoted into tubes to be tested in the MVista® Histoplasma Antigen EIA using Tecan liquid handlers, in 96 well plates. At the completion of each assay controls are verified and calculations performed. Following testing results are provided to the study coordinator for evaluation.

The frequency and scale of arboviral epidemics and the extent of their geographic spread have progressively increased over time becoming a major public health concern in the world. Infections by arboviruses clinically manifest in a range of presentations from asymptomatic infections to fever with more or less severe symptoms which need to be identified and treated correctly. 

To discover to what extent FIEBRE sites are affected by arboviral diseases all FIEBRE participant, patients and control serum samples, are tested for: dengue virus, chikungunya virus, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis virus (for Laos) and o’nyong nyong virus (African sites). The confirmatory arbovirus testing takes place at the French National Centre of Reference of Arboviruses, Unité des virus Emergents (UVE) affiliated with Aix-Marseille University, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD).

UVE tests the acute (day 0) and convalescent (day 28) sera. This comprises one sample at day 0 for controls and two samples to test at D0 and D28 for patients.

Processes at UVE:

• samples scanned and recorded onto database to sort the samples per participant, pairing the D0-D28 samples and recording patient type/date sample taken
• tubes decapped and transferred to 96-well microplate ready for extraction or ELISAs
• serum tested for viral RNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
• specific ELISAs used to look for serological evidence of infection
• fully automated ELISA test kits processed - 15 plates in a single run
• further testing with microneutralisation is conducted to distinguish between any co-detection or cross reaction
• once results validated automatically exported to database.

The majority of respiratory tract infections are caused by a variety of commonly occurring viruses. As patients often present with a number of overlapping signs and symptoms it can be difficult to determine the source of the infection by clinical presentation alone. Therefore in order to detect the prevalence of respiratory infections within the study population, pharyngeal swabs are collected from all participants and controls to be screened diagnostically.

At each site participant swabs are frozen and stored in -80°C freezer. The specimens are shipped to LSHTM then on to Micropathology Ltd.

Micropathology Ltd performs diagnostic respiratory screening on the participant swabs to determine which respiratory viruses are present. The Luminex panel screens for: influenza A and B and respiratory syncytial virus (the multiplex assay also detects human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, 3 and 4, adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, enterovirus, parechovirus, bocavirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and other potential respiratory pathogens).

Screening procedures:

• Throat swabs from study participants are received at Micropathology Ltd on dry ice. The standard specimen is a dry, flocked cotton throat swab head in a 2 ml tube. These are inventoried and transferred to -80◦C storage. 
• Specimens are thawed and racked according to LSHTM electronic lists. Working in a BSL II biosafety cabinet, 500 uL of buffer is added to resuspend the dry throat swabs. The tubes are recapped and vortexed thoroughly to ensure any pathogen material is resuspended in the swab media. 
• An extraction protocol is performed to purify and recover DNA and RNA from 200 uL of swab media. Micropathology Ltd scientists have worked with experts at Promega to optimise a highly effective extraction chemistry. The custom Promega chemistry is run in 96-well format using an open KingFisher™ Flex robotic platform (Thermo Scientific™). 
• Diagnostic respiratory screening is performed using the NxTAG® Respiratory Pathogen Panel (IVD) from Luminex (RPP). The RPP kit allows for the simultaneous detection of 18 viral and 3 bacterial gene targets. The bench process involves an initial PCR and bead hybridisation phase on a thermal cycler. Analysis of bead-associated pathogen amplicon is performed using a Luminex MagPix® instrument. A comprehensive report is prepared.
• Output files are exported and reviewed by Micropathology Ltd scientists. Any specimens positive for the NxTAG® combined Rhinovirus/Enterovirus output undergo a further nested PCR test for species differentiation.
• All specimens taken from 1 January 2020 undergo a separate in-house PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 (UKAS accredited test).
• Data from each site is collated and quality controlled at Micropathology Ltd. Once screening for all participants at a site is complete, the results are made available to the consortium.

Laboratory manager at Micropathology Ltd preparing pharyngeal swab samples for respiratory testing in a BSL II hood

Mycobacterial bloodstream infections are a rare, but serious, cause of fever. HIV-positive people are more at risk of mycobacterial infections. A mycobacterial blood culture is performed for inpatients aged >15 at study sites where HIV prevalence in the general adult population is known to be >1% (Malawi [outpatients also included], Mozambique and Zimbabwe).

Site laboratory staff identify the mycobacteria positive cultures; all results are reported to the patient’s clinical team. For external quality assurance, a sample of each isolate is then shipped directly to the National Reference Center (NRC) for Mycobacteria, Germany, a Supranational Reference Laboratory (SRL) of WHO. The NRC participates in the coordination of measures in the fight against and the surveillance of tuberculosis (TB). It examines approximately 12,000 samples a year for the detection and identification of mycobacteria as well as for susceptibility testing.

Process on site (see SOPs):

• where sites do not have access to a Bactec machine, Bactec bottles incubated manually (bottles contain a sensor at the bottom that changes fluorescence with increasing CO₂ concentration):
  • bottles examined on day 3, 4 or 5 then weekly for six weeks
  • compare fluorescence with a positive control bottle
  • return negative bottles (no fluorescence) for further incubation
  • if positive, small volume of culture supernatant removed to stain
  • mycobacteria observed, grown and identified
  • positive mycobacterial blood culture cryopreserved in duplicate, one for NRC one for study site

Quality assurance testing procedure at NRC involves:

• differentiation of mycobacteria by means of different molecular methods based on nucleic acid amplification techniques in a stepwise manner
• susceptibility testing of all mycobacteria species in liquid media
• detection of mutations associated with resistance against first- and secondline drugs

More details about the scope of NRC’s work is available on their website.

Even though rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) for malaria has revealed that most febrile patients in Africa and Asia do not have malaria, FIEBRE still needs to confirm this by testing all participants at the point of care. In order to standardise diagnostic testing further external quality confirmatory (EQC) assessment of site results are performed at the Clinical Diagnostic Parasitology Laboratory (CDPL) at Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.  

Many stages are involved in testing for malaria starting from the point when a patient is enrolled on site to the final results being logged on the database at LSHTM: 

• mRDT performed at patient enrolment
• Positive results reported to clinical team
• Thick and thin blood smear prepared on microscopic slides
• Slides double-read for malaria only (presence or absence, density and species) by in-country microscopists who have achieved expert status in the WHO (or similar) qualification scheme.
• In-country microscopists read the smears for all mRDT-positive and 10% of mRDT-negative study participants. FIEBRE uses a combination mRDT that detects two different parasite antigens: histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) which is produced only by Plasmodium falciparum parasites; and pan-specific Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) which is produced by all malaria parasite species.
• Site coordinators select 10% of all slides collected at their site for EQC at the CDPL, to be read for malaria and also for Borrelia spp and other pathogens
• Slides are received in by the LSHTM team who distribute to the reference laboratories
• CDPL receive stained thick and thin blood smears where they are checked and catalogued
• Each slide is read by two Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) registered biomedical scientists with experience in reading blood smears. They are examined for the presence or absence of malaria, borrelia and any other relevant blood parasites. The smears are read blind without the knowledge of the results from the originating site.
• Results are recorded for each slide and once complete the data is submitted to the FIEBRE co-ordinator at LSHTM.

Site activities essentially finished during 2021 as recruitment ended and sample shipments were despatched. The main work now revolves around team collaboration on data queries and analysis of findings.

The final participant samples (sera, blood, plasma, blood cell pellet, buffy coat, PAXgene tubes, swabs) arrived at LSHTM from Laos and Mozambique in November 2021. Microbiology and mycobacteriology isolates were shipped directly to international reference laboratories in Germany and New Zealand.

FIEBRE enrolled child and adult inpatients and outpatients who presented with fever over ≥24 months. A venous blood sample and pharyngeal swabs were collected from all participants; a urine sample was collected from selected participants. In addition, blood and pharyngeal samples were taken from community controls matched to outpatients by age, gender, residence and month of recruitment. The controls were also surveyed to obtain representative data about treatment seeking and medicine use.

Number of patients enrolled and participant characteristics

FIEBRE researchers presented their work during ASTMH 2021. Colleagues from all our sites and many partner organisations contributed to the amazing team work enabling us to showcase FIEBRE's achievements so far.

Read the abstract booklet (pdf) and view the posters (pdf).

Talks:

• Development and performance evaluation of a low-cost, high throughput, multiplex immunoassay of 13 fever severity and aetiology markers (pdf)
• Predicting mortality in febrile adult patients: a prospective validation of the MEWS, qSOFA and UVA scores in four health care settings in Africa and South-East Asia (pdf)

Posters:

• Fighting adult mortality through etiology of fever studies: Description of high mortality in an adult inpatient population in Mozambique (pdf)
• The main pathogens causing febrile illness and implications for fever management in Laos; results from the FIEBRE study (pdf)
• Understanding antimicrobial resistance through the lens of antibiotic vulnerabilities in primary health care in rural Malawi (pdf)
• Sex Work, Antibiotic Use and the Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Harare, Zimbabwe: An Ethnographic Study (pdf)
• High mortality in adult patients with HIV admitted with fever to hospitals in Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe - results from the FIEBRE study (pdf)
• Negotiating Myanmar’s Law and (Dis)Order amidst Antimicrobial Resistance Policy Implementation (pdf)

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2021 Annual Meeting (ASTMH 2021) takes place 17-21 November 2021 virtually.

There are eight FIEBRE-related activities covering all aspects of the study (two talks and six posters [pdf]):

Session 84, Clinical Tropical Medicine: Diagnostics and COVID Sat 20 Nov 8:00 – 9:45 am US EST

• Development and performance evaluation of a low-cost, high throughput, multiplex immunoassay of 13 fever severity and aetiology markers, Tegwen Marlais
  • Sat 20 Nov, 8:10 US EST

• Predicting mortality in febrile adult patients: a prospective validation of the MEWS, qSOFA and UVA scores in four health care settings in Africa and South-East Asia, Manophab Luangraj
  • Sat 20 Nov, 8:20 US EST

Poster Session A Thurs 18 Nov, 11:00 am – 12:30 pm US EST

• Understanding antimicrobial resistance through the lens of antibiotic vulnerabilities in primary health care in rural Malawi, Eleanor MacPherson 

• High mortality in adult patients with HIV admitted with fever to hospitals in Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe - results from the FIEBRE study, Ioana Olaru

• Negotiating Myanmar’s Law and (Dis)Order amidst Antimicrobial Resistance Policy Implementation, Yuzana Khine Zaw

Poster Session B, Fri 19 Nov, 12:00 – 1:30 pm US EST

• Fighting adult mortality through etiology of fever studies: Description of high mortality in an adult inpatient population in Mozambique, Justina Bramugy

• The main pathogens causing febrile illness and implications for fever management in Laos; results from the FIEBRE study, Manophab Luangraj

Poster Session C, Sat 20 Nov, 11:00 am – 12:30 pm US EST

• Sex Work, Antibiotic Use and the Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Harare, Zimbabwe: An Ethnographic Study, Salome Manyau

Join us online to find out more and share your news from the conference.  Tweet @FeverStudies using #TropMed21  

Two abstracts from the Zimbabwe team have been accepted as talks for the African Society for Laboratory Medicine 2021 Conference (ASLM 2021).

Mutsawashe Chisenga, FIEBRE medical laboratory scientist, will be presenting on behalf of the team on:

• Detection of antibiotic activity in urine using a bioassay in samples patients with suspected urinary tract infections presenting to primary care clinics
  Mutsawashe R Chisenga, Forget Makoga, Beauty Makamure, Heidi Hopkins, Ben Amos, Katharina Kranzer, Ioana D Olaru

• The use of InTray COLOREX Screen and ESBL for bacterial identification and ESBL-detection from blood and urine cultures in Harare, Zimbabwe
  Mutsawashe R Chisenga, Forget Makoga, Gwendoline Chimhini, Beauty Makamure, Heidi Hopkins, Katharina Kranzer, Ioana D Olaru

The conference is taking place virtually from 15-18 November 2021. Programme details to follow.

The MLW team held two successful local dissemination meetings in a COVID-19-safe format for St Montfort Hospital and Chikwawa District Hospital in mid-May 2021. The meetings were attended by representatives from the hospital management teams, lead clinical officers, district health officers, the matrons, and other members of staff from all sections of the hospitals including clinicians, nurses, anaesthetists and administrators. 

The meetings covered presentations on:

• Study operations review 
• Community field work               
• Scientific and statistical data       
• Social science key findings

The meetings were very well received and emphasised some basic practice points. Further meetings at a national level will be organised when the reference laboratory results are available later in the year. 

The social science team discussed their research from clinical observations and the focus on cotrimoxazole being the most frequently used drug at the facilities and within the community. 

The key take home messages were: 
•  A limited number of antibiotics are recognised and there are very low stocks of antibiotics in public health clinics – not suggesting that antibiotics are overused everywhere 
•  Health workers are very committed and manage in challenging conditions where essential medicines beyond those provided by the international donor  programme are very limited 
•   Opportunities exist for rapid gains through antimicrobial resistance policy that reflects the context of this limited access and centres on foregrounding care not restricting access to antibiotics.

FIEBRE finished recruiting patients in Malawi on 31 March 2021. Follow up activities will continue during April.

Congratulations to everyone involved in contributing to the study in both Blanytre and Chikwawa. Many thanks to the clinical, laboratory and technical staff, community engagement team, administrators, data scientists, patients and the local community.  

The first patient was enrolled on 4 July 2018 at Chikwawa District Hospital (CDH). In total, 1765 patients were recruited (over 6200 screened) and the team reached the outpatient recruitment target of 600 for both adults and children. Control recruitment was very effective at 98% and 28-day follow up was high at 91%. This reflects the dedication of the community engagement team.

Initially, FIEBRE started at CDH and second site opened at St Montfort Mission hospital in May 2019 in order to help increase inpatient recruitment.

Community engagement was integral to the study. FIEBRE was helped by long-established community sensitisation work to research in the area. There's been particular interest and concern about the amount of blood taken. These issues are addressed by the team through their continued commitment to working with the local community.
 
The team faced many challenges such as flooding, Cyclone Idai in March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic and a high number of eligible patients declining to participate for a variety of reasons including:

• Concern about donating blood/large volume when anaemic (severe anaemia is commonplace in Chikwawa)
• Traditional beliefs about losing and sharing blood
• Wanting to seek consent from husband or elder

These sensitive issues were addressed over the course of the study by many staff and patient education and sensitisation sessions explaining the safety and desirability of blood testing in patients who might be suffering from infections. On the whole, these efforts were bearing fruit with increased inpatient recruitment until the arrival of COVID-19 in the spring of 2020.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a considerable impact on the study’s activities; national and institutional restrictions were imposed which slowed down enrolment and limited activities. Although personal protective equipment was available for staff, and infection control measures were in place, with masks and screening at the hospital entrance, people were reluctant to seek healthcare due to a fear of COVID-19 transmission in health centres and of being diagnosed and being sent to a COVID-19 treatment centre.

Despite all the challenges, the FIEBRE team have been able to help support and add to the overall level of care and treatment in the area by providing clinical microbiology services in CDH and SMH for the first time and diagnosing HIV and TB in patients who might otherwise have slipped through the net. FIEBRE staff followed up any positive blood cultures immediately and advised clinicians on antibiotic choice and length of treatment. The study hopes to leave a legacy whereby this service will be continued by the MLW core team.

Many of the FIEBRE team members in Malawi were undertaking their first research role. It has been rewarding to see the team develop and no surprise to see team members grow into more senior roles or be taken up by other studies, research support units or research institutions in Malawi.

Images of the MLW team working in the hospital and field (2018-21)

FIEBRE finished recruiting patients in Mozambique on 26 February 2021. Control and follow up activities will continue throughout March.

CISM began enrolling adult patients at Manhiça Health Research Centre on 13 March 2019 after paediatric recruitment started in November 2018.  A second site, Hospital Geral José Macamo in Maputo, was opened on 28 November 2019. This helped boost inpatient numbers significantly and improved the patients’ care with access to blood culture results.

In total, 2136 patients were enrolled during this period; the highest number of participants of all the sites. This is a great achievement. The team reached the outpatient child recruitment target of 600. The site is the only one which has recruited participants who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.

Congratulations to everyone involved in contributing to the study’s success - the clinical, laboratory and technical staff, administrators, data scientists, patients and local communities.

Initially, there were some clinical issues which included difficulty in taking blood and urine samples from children. Day 28 follow up has been quite problematic with a high rate of refusals and some loss to follow up due to migration (families moving for work), accessibility during the rainy season and local perception of loss of blood. Blood extraction in particular is a sensitive issue and can be associated with ill-health especially among children. Moreover, some healthy people were not interested in participating as controls.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a considerable impact on the study’s activities; inpatient recruitment was closed down in Maputo and community activities were stopped during the first wave. National and institutional restrictions were imposed which slowed down enrolment and limited field activities. 

On a personal level, many of the clinical staff were infected with SARS-CoV-2 although none severely. This was a critical period during which infection protection measures and disinfection of working areas were reinforced.  It was a stressful time for all the staff and their families. Despite these COVID-19 issues along with rising patient numbers and infections in the community, the team managed to continue working throughout.

In spite of the many challenges, the team’s hard work and dedication has contributed greatly to the clinical diagnostic capacity at these hospitals through access to rapid diagnostic tests and laboratory cultures. This has benefitted both clinicians and patients, enabling clinicians to use the information to make accurate diagnoses and therefore quickly help provide the right treatment.

 Listen to Justina Bramugy and Campos Mucasse talking about their experience on FIEBRE.

The LOMWRU team returned to the study site at Vientiane Provincial Hospital on 19 January 2021 for the main dissemination meeting. The preliminary results of the study, some microbiology data and early reference laboratory results were presented to clinicians, nurses and laboratory technicians for feedback. 

The 2-hour session was chaired by Dr Siho Sengsavang, Deputy Director of Vientiane Provincial Hospital and Prof Mayfong Mayxay, Vice President of the University of Health Sciences, LOMWRU Head of Field Research and local PI who facilitated a discussion after talks by Dr Manophab Luangraj and Dr Vilayouth Phimolsarnnousith.

Watch a video summarising the study's activities.

The BRTI team held a series of successful dissemination meetings following the completion of recruitment in Zimbabwe on 30 September 2020,

Preliminary clinical results were presented at the polyclinics during October and November for the nurses and staff involved in FIEBRE.  These received interesting feedback and led to discussions about effective antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance.

A research dissemination meeting for major stakeholders at a policy level took place in Harare (with online attendees) on 30 November. The meeting covered several projects as well as FIEBRE and ARGUS: B-GAP, FAST and BREATHE trial. 

Representatives from the Ministry of Health and Childcare, Harare Central Hospital, Parirenyatwa Hospital, Medicines control authority of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe College of Public Health Physicians, National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, MSF, UNAIDS and many other institutions participated in the meeting. 

The FIEBRE and ARGUS presentations are available:

• Overview of FIEBRE: Evaluating causes of fever and antimicrobial resistance in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (pdf), Heidi Hopkins
• FIEBRE: Preliminary results Ioana Ularu, Molly Sibanda
• The Zimbabwe typhoid outbreak & impact of vaccination on typhoid cases and antimicrobial resistance (pdf), Mutsawashe Chisenga
• FIEBRE Understanding the social context of antibiotic prescribing practices and antibiotic use in Zimbabwe (pdf), Salome Manyau, Justin Dixon 

• ARGUS: Prevalence of Gram-negative antimicrobial resistance in patients presenting with urinary tract infections in primary care facilities in Harare (pdf), Ioana Olaru

Recruitment of FIEBRE participants ended in Laos on 31 October 2020. The LOMWRU team started enrolling patients on 9 October 2018 at Vientiane Provincial Hospital. In total, 1961 participants were enrolled during this period. The team reached the adult recruitment target of 600 for both in- and outpatients.

Congratulations to everyone involved in contributing to the study’s success - the clinical and laboratory staff, hospital, participants and local communities. 
  
The first set of samples were shipped to LSHTM in early 2020 and are now at international reference laboratories awaiting diagnostics. Analysis of these samples will produce the first results of the study aside from preliminary data from point-of-care tests carried out on site. The dried blood spots from Laos are also currently being used for the MOS-DEF biomarker project. 

The team faced clinical and logistical challenges including difficulty in taking blood samples from children and travelling long distances to recruit controls (healthy people who were not always interested in taking part). The team continued working throughout the COVID-19 epidemic despite national restrictions which slowed down enrolment and limited field activities. 
  
FIEBRE has helped with the clinical diagnostic capacity and treatment of infectious diseases in the local community, as blood culture and other tests were not available in the hospital previously. The information collected by the study may contribute to the development of treatment guidelines for fever and antibiotic stewardship in the future, especially in settings where there's limited laboratory diagnostics or little data available. 
 

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2020 Annual Meeting (ASTMH 2020) took place 15-19 November 2020 virtually.

There are four FIEBRE-related activities (two presentations and two posters):

• Change in Salmonella Typhi incidence and antimicrobial resistance patterns following mass vaccination with the new typhoid conjugate vaccine (pdf), Ioana Olaru

  • Scientific Session 35: Bacteriology: Systemic Infections Session

  • Tuesday 17 Nov 9.00 am - 10.45 am US Eastern Time Zone

• Antibiotic use among residents in Uganda, Zimbabwe and Malawi – a mixed methods study (pdf), Clare Chandler

  • Scientific Session 152: Global Health: Maternal, Newborn, Child Health and Neglected Tropical Diseases

  • Thursday 19 Nov 3.00 pm - 4.45 pm US Eastern Time Zone

• Evaluation of the CompactDry EC culture plates for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in Harare, Zimbabwe (pdf), Ioana Olaru
  • Poster Session A, Monday, 16 November
    1.30 pm – 3 pm US Eastern Time Zone
• Preliminary findings from the FIEBRE study in Mozambique: clinical findings and results of point-of-care tests and microbiology studies (pdf), Marta Valente 
  • Poster Session B, Tuesday, 17 November
    11.45 am – 1.15 pm US Eastern Time Zone

Join us online to find out more and share your news from the conference. Tweet @FeverStudies using #TropMed20